almarc

allegro ist kein MARC-basiertes System. Es war immer schon etwas riskant, ein solches sein zu wollen! Dasselbe galt für MAB, und MAB wurde abgeschafft. Zwar zugunsten von MARC21, aber es wurden auch Stimmen laut, in Metadaten-Kreisen, dass MARC obsolet sei: Es stammt aus der Magnetband- und Zettelkatalog-Ära, und das ist deutlich zu sehen und zu fühlen. Dennoch ist weltweit MARC21 das einzige Format, das alle Bibliothekssysteme kennen, auch wenn sie es nicht selber zum Speichern verwenden. Seit Jahren laufen aber bei der LoC unter dem Namen BIBFRAME Bemühungen zur Entwicklung einer neuen Datenstruktur, die irgendwann MARC ablösen können sollte. Ein Datum wurde noch nicht genannt.  
Siehe dazu https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/ 

Diese Themen, so spannend sie sind, sollen hier nicht vertieft werden. Es geht nur darum, sich besser mit MARC-Umgebungen austauschen zu können, denn Austausch zwischen Systemwelten war und ist von hoher Bedeutung, und eine größere Systemwelt als die MARC-Welt gibt es nicht. Vor allem setzt eine Teilnahme am WorldCat voraus, daß man in MARC21 kommunizieren kann. 
Original-Doku: https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ 
Andere Quellen siehe `Vb323` (2020).

Hier wird in ganz knapper Form die Essenz des Formats MARC21 vorgestellt. Felder, die hier nicht erwähnt sind, haben keine große Bedeutung, es sei denn für spezielle Materialien oder Sonderzwecke, nicht für Anwendungen im Mainstream. 
Der Text wurde vor einiger Zeit von der LC bereitgestellt und wird hier leicht erweitert, aber weitgehend unverändert auf Englisch präsentiert. Dies dürfte sinnvoll sein, weil niemand, der sich mit MARC beschäftigt, auf Kenntnisse der englischen Terminologie verzichten kann. 
Mit dem allegro-Standardpaket ab V28.3 bereitgestellt und schon ins Export-Komfortmenü eingebunden sind die Parameterdateien `marcxml.apr` und `marctxt.apr`, mit denen man allegro-Daten in heute gebräuchlichen Formen exportieren kann, insbes. auch hierarchische und verknüpfte Untersätze in der für deutsche MARC-Daten von der DNB projektierten Weise: es entsteht je ein eigener Satz mit  700 $a$t$n$p. 
2017: marcxml.apr wird nicht mehr weiter gepflegt, weil man mit dem Tool "marcedit" das Format .mrk oder .mrc in XML wandeln kann. 
Außerdem gibt es schon lange `e-usmarc.apr`, die vor längerer Zeit für die Verwendung mit dem Z39-Server geschaffen wurde (aus hierarchischen Untersätzen wird hierbei aber eine 505 gebildet). Alle diese Parameter benutzen die Umwandlungstabelle `ad-ansel.apt`, die OstWest-Codes in die MARC-üblichen ANSEL-Codes verwandelt. 

A Summary of Commonly Used MARC 21 Fields 

This is a summary of the MARC 21 tags used most frequently by libraries. For full listings of all MARC 21 tags, indicators, and subfield codes, see "MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data" at  http://www.loc.gov/marc/. 

Terms used in the explanations on these pages: 

Tags : The tags (3-digit numbers) are followed by the names of the fields they represent. In this summary, and in the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data, if a tag can appear more than once in one bibliographic record, it is labeled repeatable (R). If it can only be used once, it is labeled non-repeatable (NR). For example, a catalog record can have several subjects, so the tags for subject added entries (6XX) are labeled repeatable (R). 

Indicators : The use of indicators is explained in fields where they are used. Indicators are one-digit numbers. Beginning with the 010 field, in every field -- following the tag -- are two character positions, one for Indicator 1 and one for Indicator 2. The indicators are not actually defined in all fields, however. And it is possible that a 2nd indicator will be used, while the 1st indicator remains undefined (or vice versa). When an indicator is undefined, the character position will be represented by the character # (for blank space). 

Subfield codes : All the data in each field (beginning with the 010 field) is divided into subfields, each of which is preceded by a delimiter-subfield code combination. The most common subfield codes used with each tag are shown. Each subfield code is preceded by the character $, signifying a delimiter. The name of the subfield follows the code, the subfield content follows immediately thereafter, with no intervening blank. 

In general, every field MUST have a subfield 'a' ($a). One exception that is often seen is in Field 020 (ISBN), when the ISBN information (subfield $a) is unavailable but the price (subfield $c) is known. Some subfields are repeatable. In this summary, repeatability is noted for only the more common repeatable subfields. 

Examples follow the explanation for each field. 
	For clarity only, one space has been placed between the tag and the first indicator, one space has been placed between the second indicator and the first subfield code, and one space has been inserted between the subfield code and the subfield data. In real data, there spaces are not correct and may cause trouble! 

`Leader`    ... see further down
	24 Bytes at the head of every MARC record 

008 `Fixed fields` 

010 Library of Congress Control Number -- (LCCN) 
	(NR = Not Repeatable) 
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- Library of Congress control number 

     Example:    010 ## $a ###86000988# 

020 International Standard Book Number -- (ISBN) 
	(R = Repeatable) 
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- International Standard Book Number 
$c -- Terms of availability (often a price) 
$z -- Cancelled/invalid ISBN (R) 

     Example:    020 ## $a 0877547637 

040 Cataloging source -- (NR) 
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- Original cataloging agency 
$c -- Transcribing agency 
$d -- Modifying agency (R) 

     Example:    040 ## $a DLC 
                        $c DLC 
                        $d gwhs  

09x Local call numbers 

100 Main entry -- Personal name -- (primary author)
	(NR; there can be only one main entry: 100 or 110 or 111) 
	Indicator 1: Type of personal name entry element 
0 -- Forename 
1 -- Surname (this is the most common form) 
3 -- Family name 
	Indicator 2 undefined. 
	Indicator 2 obsoleted in 1990. Older records may have 0 or 1 
$a -- Personal name 
$b -- Numeration 
$c -- Titles and other words associated with a name (R) 
$q -- Fuller form of name 
$d -- Dates associated with a name (generally, year of birth-) 

     Example:    100 1# $a Gregory, Ruth W. 
                        $q (Ruth Wilhelme), 
                        $d 1910- 
110 Main entry -- Corporate body
111 Main entry -- Conference

130 Main entry -- Uniform title -- (NR) 
	Indicator 1: Nonfiling characters 
	0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present (for initial articles, including spaces) 
	Indicator 2 undefined. 
	Indicator 2 became obsolete in 1990. (See 100 above.) 
$a -- Uniform title 
$p -- Name of part/section of a work (R) 
$l -- Language of a work 
$s -- Version 
$f -- Date of a work 

     Example:    130 0# $a Bible. 
                        $p O.T. 
                        $p Psalms. 

240 Uniform title (NR)  
	Indicator 1: Uniform title printed or displayed 
0 -- Not printed or displayed 
1 -- Printed or displayed (most common) 
	Indicator 2: Nonfiling characters 
	0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present (for initial articles, including spaces) 
$a -- Uniform title 
$l -- Language of a work 
$f -- Date of a work 

     Example:    240 10 $a Ile mystérieuse. 
                        $l English. 
                        $f 1978 

245 Title Statement (NR)  
  	Indicator 1: Title added entry 
   	(Should the title be indexed as a title added entry?) 
    0 -- No title added entry 
      (indicates a title main entry; i.e. no author is given) 
    1 -- Title added entry 
      (the proper indicator when an author given in 1XX; the most common situation) 
	Indicator 2: Nonfiling characters 
    		0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present, including spaces; usually set at zero, except when the title begins with an article; e.g., for The robe, the second indicator would be set to 4. The letters T, h, e, and the space following them are then ignored in alphabetizing titles. The record will be automatically filed under "r" -- for Robe. 
    $a -- Title proper 
    $h -- Medium (often used for non-book media) 
    $n -- Number of part/section of a work (R) 
    $p -- Name of part/section of a work (R) 
    $b -- Reminder of title (subtitles, etc.) 
    $c -- Remainder of title page transcription/Statement of responsibility 
        
     Example:    245 14 $a The DNA story : 
                        $b a documentary history of gene 
                           cloning / 
                        $c James D. Watson, John Tooze. 

246 Varying form of title (R)  
	Indicator 1: Note/title added entry controller 
1 -- Note, title added entry 
3 -- No note, title added entry 
	Indicator 2: Type of title 
# -- No information provided 
0 -- Portion of title 
1 -- Parallel title 
4 -- Cover title 
8 -- Spine title 

$a -- Title proper 

     Example:    246 3# $a Four corners power review 

250 Edition statement (NR)  
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- Edition statement 

     Example:    250 ## $a 6th ed. 

260 Publication, distribution, etc. (Imprint) (R)  
	Indicator 1: Sequence of publishing statements 
# -- No information provided 
	Indicator 2: Undefined 
$a -- Place of publication, distribution, etc. (R) 
$b -- Name of publisher, distributor, etc. (R) 
$c -- Date of publication, distribution, etc. (R) 

     Example:    260 ## $a New York : 
                        $b Chelsea House, 
                        $c 1986. 

300 Physical description (R)  
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- Extent (number of pages) (R) 
$b -- Other physical details (usually illustration information) 
$c -- Dimensions (cm.) (R) 
$e -- Accompanying material (for example, "teacher's guide" or "manual") 

     Example:    300 ## $a 139 p. : 
                        $b ill. ;      
                        $c 24 cm. 

336 Content type (R)   RDA  
337 Media type (R)     RDA
338 Carrier type (R)    RDA

362 Dates of publication and/or volume designation (Erscheinungsverlauf)

440 Series statement / Added entry--Title (R)  
	Indicator 1 undefined 
	Indicator 2: Nonfiling characters 
	0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present (for initial articles, including spaces) 
$a -- Title 
$v -- Volume number 

     Example:    440 #0 $a Modern critical views ; 
                        $v 26 

490 Series statement (No added entry is traced from field) (R)  
	Indicator 1: Specifies whether series is traced (whether an 8XX tag is also present, tracing the series differently) 
0 -- Series not traced 
1 -- Series traced differently (8XX is in record) 
	Indicator 2 undefined. 
$a -- Series statement (R) 
$v -- Volume number (R) 

     Example:    490 1# $a Colonial American craftsmen 

500 General note (R)  
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- General note (Used when no specialized note field has been defined for the information. Examples: Notes regarding the index; the source of the title; variations in title; descriptions of the nature, form, or scope of the item.) 

     Example:    500 ##  $a Includes index. 

504 Bibliography, etc. note (R)  
	Indicators undefined. 
$a -- Bibliography, etc. note 

     Example:    504 ## $a Includes bibliographical 
                           references. 

502 Dissertation note   

505 Formatted contents note (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of contents note 
0 -- Complete contents 
1 -- Incomplete contents (used with multivolume set when some volumes are not yet published) 
2 -- Partial contents 
	Indicator 2: Level of content designation 
# -- Basic 

$a -- Formatted contents note 

     Example:    505 0# $a Pride and prejudice -- Emma 
                           -- Northanger Abbey. 

520 Summary, etc. note (R)  
	Indicator 1: Display constant controller 
# -- Summary 
1 -- Review 
2 -- Scope and content 
3 -- Abstract 
	Indicator 2 undefined 
$a -- Summary, abstract, or annotation 
$b -- Expansion of summary note 

     Example:    520 ## $a This basic guide to parliamentary 
                           procedure tells how to conduct 
                           and participate in a meeting 
                           properly. 

600 Subject added entry -- Personal name (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of personal name entry element 
0 -- Forename 
1 -- Surname (this is the most common form) 
3 -- Family name 
	Indicator 2: Subject heading system/thesaurus (identifies the specific list or file which was used) 
0 -- Library of Congress Subject Headings 
1 -- LC subject headings for children's literature 
2 -- Medical Subject Headings 
3 -- National Agricultural Library subject authority file 
4 -- Source not specified 
5 -- Canadian Subject Headings 
6 -- Répertoire de vedettes-matière 
7 -- Source specified in subfield $2 

$a -- Personal name (surname and forename) 
$b -- Numeration 
$c -- Titles and other words associated with a name (R) 
$q -- Fuller form of name 
$d -- Dates associated with a name (generally, year of birth) 
$t -- Title of a work 
$v -- Form subdivision (R) 
$x -- General subdivision (R) 
$y -- Chronological subdivision (R) 
$z -- Geographic subdivision (R) 
$2 -- Source of heading or term (used with 2nd indicator of 7, for ex. "sears") 

     Example:    600 10 $a Shakespeare, William, 
                        $d 1564-1616 
                        $x Comedies    
                        $x Stage history. 

     Example:    600 10 $a Shakespeare, William, 
                        $d 1564-1616 
                        $x Knowledge 
                        $z Rome 
                        $v Congresses. 

Notice that subfields $v, $x, and $z in the 600 field are repeatable. Subfields $v, $x, $y, and $z do not have to be in alphabetical order. They will be in the order prescribed by the instructions given by the subject heading system. 

610 Subject added entry -- Corporate name (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of corporate name entry element 
0 -- Inverted name (not used with AACR2) 
1 -- Jurisdiction name 
2 -- Name in direct order 
	Indicator 2: Subject heading system/thesaurus. 
	See indicator 2 under 600 
$a -- Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element 
$b -- Subordinate unit (R) 
$v -- Form subdivision (R) 
$x -- General subdivision (R) 
$y -- Chronological subdivision (R) 
$z -- Geographic subdivision (R) 
$2 -- Source of heading or term (used with 2nd indicator of 7) 

     Example:    610 10 $a United States. 
                        $b Army Air Forces 
                        $v Biography. 

650 Subject added entry -- Topical term (Most subject headings fit here.) (R)  
	Indicator 1: Level of subject 
# -- No information provided 
	Indicator 2: Subject heading system/thesaurus 
	(identifies the specific list or file which was used) 
0 -- Library of Congress Subject Headings 
1 -- LC subject headings for children's literature 
2 -- Medical Subject Headings 
3 -- National Agricultural Library subject authority file 
4 -- Source not specified 
5 -- Canadian Subject Headings 
6 -- Répertoire de vedettes-matière 
7 -- Source specified in subfield $2 

$a -- Topical term 
$v -- Form subdivision (R) 
$x -- General subdivision (R) 
$y -- Chronological subdivision (R) 
$z -- Geographic subdivision (R) 
$2 -- Source of heading or term used with 2nd indicator of 7) 

     Example:    650 #0 $a Theater 
                        $z United States 
                        $v Biography 
                        $v Dictionaries. 

Notice that subfields $v, $x, and $z in the 650 field are repeatable. Subfields $v, $x, $y, and $z do not have to be in alphabetical order. They will be in the order prescribed by the instructions given by the subject heading system. 

651 Subject added entry -- Geographic name (R)  
	Indicator 1: undefined. 
	Indicator 2: Subject heading system/thesaurus. 
	See indicator 2 under 600 
$a -- Geographic name 
$v -- Form subdivision (R) 
$x -- General subdivision (R) 
$y -- Chronological subdivision (R) 
$z -- Geographic subdivision (R) 
$2 -- Source of heading or term (used with 2nd indicator of 7) 

     Example:    651 #0 $a United States 
                        $x History 
                        $v Chronology. 

Notice that subfields $v, $x, and $z in the 651 field are repeatable. Subfields $v, $x, $y, and $z do not have to be in alphabetical order. They will be in the order prescribed by the instructions given by the subject heading system. 

700 Added entry -- Personal name (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of personal name entry element 
0 -- Forename 
1 -- Surname (this is the most common form) 
3 -- Family name 
	Indicator 2: Type of added entry 
# -- No information provided (most common; co-authors, editors, etc.) 
2 -- Analytical entry (The values for Indicator 2 changed in 1994 with Format Integration, and older records may display additional values. An analytical entry involves an author/title of an item contained in a work.) 
$a -- Personal name 
$b -- Numeration 
$c -- Titles and other words associated with a name (R) 
$q -- Fuller form of name 
$d -- Dates associated with a name (generally, year of birth) 
$t -- Title of a work 
$n -- Number of part/section of a work 
$p -- Name of part/section of a work 
$e -- Relator term (such as ill.) (R) 
$4 -- Relator code (R) 
     Example:    700 1# $a Baldridge, Letitia.  

710 Added entry -- Corporate name (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of corporate name entry element 
0 -- Inverted name (not used with AACR2) 
1 -- Jurisdiction name 
2 -- Name in direct order 
	Indicator 2: Type of added entry. 
	See Indicator 2 under 700 
# -- No information provided 
2 -- Analytical entry 
$a -- Corporate name or jurisdiction name as entry element 
$b -- Subordinate unit (R) 
     Example:    710 2# $a Sunburst Communications (Firm) 

740 Added entry -- Uncontrolled related/analytical title (R)  
	Indicator 1: Nonfiling characters 
	0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present (for initial articles, including spaces) 
	Indicator 2:Type of added entry. See Indicator 2 under 700 
      # -- No information provided 
      2 -- Analytical entry 
(This field was redefined in 1994 with Format Integration. Prior to 1994, the field was also used for variant titles, such as a different wording on a spine title. In records created since Format Integration, those variant tiles appear in a 246 field.) 
$a -- Title 
     Example:    740 02 $a Uncle Vanya. 

773 Host item entry   (enthaltendes Werk)
	Indicator 1: Note controller: 0=display, 1=no display 
	Indicator 2: blank 
$w -- Record control number 
$q -- Volume number 

800 Series added entry -- Personal name (R)  
	Indicator 1: Type of personal name entry element 
0 -- Forename 
1 -- Surname 
3 -- Family name 
	Indicator 2 undefined. 
$a -- Personal name 
$b -- Numeration 
$c -- Titles and other words associated with a name (R) 
$q -- Fuller form of name 
$d -- Dates associated with a name (generally, year of birth) 
$t -- Title of a work (the series) 
$v -- Volume number 
     Example:    800 1# $a Fisher, Leonard Everett. 
                        $t Colonial American craftsmen. 

830 Series added entry -- Uniform title (R)  
	Indicator 1 undefined. 
	Indicator 2: Nonfiling characters 
	0-9 -- Number of nonfiling characters present (for initial articles, including spaces) 
$a -- Uniform title 
$v -- Volume number 

     Example:    830 #0 $a Railroads of America (Macmillan) 

856 Electronic location and access  (URL, URN etc.)  
$u -- URL 

9xx Local fields  

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Other Fields Often Seen in MARC Records 
001  Control number 
003  Control number identifier 
005  Date and time of latest transaction 
006  Fixed-length data elements -- additional material characteristics 
007  Physical description fixed field 
008  Fixed length data elements (See Part X) 
022  International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 
037  Source of acquisition 
041  Language code 
043  Geographic area code 
050  Library of Congress call number 
060  National Library of Medicine call number 
082  Dewey Decimal classification number (the one recommended by the Library of Congress; locally-assigned call numbers may appear elsewhere) 
110  Main entry -- Corporate name (less frequent under AACR2 rules) 
256  Computer file characteristics 
263  Projected publication date 
	(indicates a CIP (Cataloging in Publication) record) 
306  Playing time 
508  Creation/production credits note 
510  Citation/references note (review sources) 
511  Participant or performer note 
521  Target audience note (first indicator: 0 = reading grade level, 1 = interest age level, 2 = interest grade level, 3 = special audience characteristics, 4 = motivation interest level) 
530  Additional physical form available note 
538  System details note 
586  Awards note 
656  Index term -- Occupation 
730  Added entry -- Uniform title 
852  Location 
856  Electronic location and access 
9XX  Reserved for local use. (They are used by vendors, systems, or individual libraries to exchange additional data) 

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The Leader 
There are 24 positions in the Leader, numbered from 00 to 23. For fuller explanation, see the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data. 

00-04 Record length (calculated by the computer for each record) 
 
05 Record status 
 a = increase in encoding level 
 c = corrected or revised 
 d = deleted 
 n = new 
 p = increase in encoding from prepublication (previous CIP) 

06 Type of record 
 a = language material 
 c = printed music 
 d = manuscript music 
 e = cartographic material 
 f = manuscript cartographic material 
 g = projected medium 
 i = nonmusical sound recording 
 j = musical sound recording 
 k = 2-dimensional nonprojectable graphic 
 m = computer file 
 o = kit 
 p = mixed materials 
 r = 3-dimensional artifact or naturally occurring object 
 t = manuscript language material 
 
07 Bibliographic level 
 a = monographic component part 
 b = serial component part 
 c = collection 
 d = subunit 
 i = integrating resource 
 m = monograph/item 
 s = serial 
 
08 Type of control 
 # = no specified type 
 a = archival 
 
09 Character coding scheme 
 # = MARC-8 
 a = UCS/Unicode 

10 Indicator count (always "2") 
11 Subfield code count (always "2") 
12-16 Base address of data (calculated by the computer for each record) 

17 Encoding level 
 # = full level 
 1 = full level, material not examined 
 2 = less-than-full level, material not examined 
 3 = abbreviated level 
 4 = core level 
 5 = partial (preliminary) level 
 7 = minimal level 
 8 = prepublication level (CIP) 
 u = unknown 
 z = not applicable 
 
18 Descriptive cataloging form 
 # = non-ISBD 
 a = AACR2 
 i = ISBD 
 u = unknown 
 
19 Multipart resource record level 
  # = not specified or not applicable 
  a = Set  [main record for the multipart work as a whole] 
  b = Part with independent title 
  c = Part with dependent title 

20 Length of the length-of-field portion (always "4") 
21 Length of the starting-character-position portion (always "5") 
22 Length of the implementation-defined portion (always "0") 
23 Undefined (always "0") 
 
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Field 008 for Books 
Field 008 is used for Fixed Length Data Elements ("Fixed Field Codes"). 
There are 40 character positions in field 008, numbered from 00-39. 
Undefined positions must contain either a blank (#) or a fill character ( | ). 
Positions 00-17 and 35-39 are defined the same way for all media. 

The information shown here for positions 18-34 applies only to books. For explanation of all the positions below and for positions 18-34 for other media, see the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data. 

Note that field 008 has no indicators or subfield codes. 

00-05 Date entered on file (YYMMDD), 
	where Y=year, M=month, and D=day 
 
06 Type of date/publication status: 
 b = no dates given; B.C. date involved 
 e = detailed date 
 s = single known date/probable date 
 m = multiple dates 
 r = reprint/reissue date (Date 1) and original date (Date 2) 
 n = dates unknown 
 q = questionable date 
 t = publication date and copyright date 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
07-10 Date 1/beginning date of publication  
11-14 Date 2/ending date of publication 

Date fields contain the year(s) of publication. The type of date(s) in these elements are specified in fixed field element 06: Type of date/publication status. (For further details, see the field 008 description in the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data.) 

15-17 Place of publication, production, or execution 
For example: 
 pk# = Pakistan 
 cau = California (US) 
(For a full list of codes used in these positions, see the MARC Code List for Countries.) 

18-21 Illustrations (up to 4 codes):  
 # = no illustrations 
 a = illustrations 
 b = maps 
 c = portraits 
 d = charts 
 e = plans 
 f = plates 
 g = music 
 h = facsimiles 
 i = coats of arms 
 j = genealogical tables 
 k = forms 
 l = samples 
 m = phonodisc, phonowire, etc. 
 o = photographs 
 p = illuminations 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
22 Target audience:  
 # = unknown or not specified 
 a = preschool 
 b = primary 
 c = pre-adolescent 
 d = adolescent 
 e = adult 
 f = specialized 
 g = general 
 j = juvenile 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
23 Form of item:  
 # = none of the following 
 a = microfilm 
 b = microfiche 
 c = microopaque 
 d = large print 
 f = braille 
 r = regular print reproduction 
 s = electronic 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
24-27 Nature of contents (up to 4):  
 # = no specified nature of contents 
 a = abstracts/summaries 
 b = bibliographies (is one or contains one) 
 c = catalogs 
 d = dictionaries 
 e = encyclopedias 
 f = handbooks 
 g = legal articles 
 i = indexes 
 j = patent document 
 k = discographies 
 l = legislation 
 m = theses 
 n = surveys of literature 
 o = reviews 
 p = programmed texts 
 q = filmographies 
 r = directories 
 s = statistics 
 t = technical reports 
 u = standards/specifications 
 v = legal cases and notes 
 w = law reports and digests 
 z = treaties 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
28 Government publication:  
 # = not a government publication 
 i = international intergovernmental 
 f = federal/national 
 a = autonomous or semi-autonomous component 
 s = state, provincial, territorial, dependent, etc. 
 m = multistate 
 c = multilocal 
 l = local 
 z = other type of government publication 
 o = government publication -- level undetermined 
 u = unknown if item is government publication 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
29 Conference publication:  
 0 = not a conference publication 
 1 = conference publication 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
30 Festschrift:  
 0 = not a festschrift 
 1 = festschrift 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
31 Index:  
 0 = no index 
 1 = index present 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
32 Undefined (since 1990) 
	(Earlier records may contain the values 0 or 1) 
 # = Undefined 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
33 Literary form:  
 0 = not fiction (not further specified) 
 1 = fiction (not further specified) 
 c = comic strips 
 d = dramas 
 e = essays 
 f = novels 
 h = humor, satires, etc. 
 i = letters 
 j = short stories 
 m = mixed forms 
 p = poetry 
 s = speeches 
 u = unknown 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
34 Biography:  
 # = no biographical material 
 a = autobiography 
 b = individual biography 
 c = collective biography 
 d = contains biographical information 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
35-37 Language: 
A three-letter code. For example: eng fre ger spa rus ita 
(For a full list of codes used in these positions, see the MARC Code List for Languages.) 

38 Modified record:  
 # = not modified 
 x = missing characters (because of characters unavailable in MARC character set) 
 s = shortened 
 d = "dashed-on" information omitted 
 r = completely romanized/printed cards in script 
 o = completely romanized/printed cards romanized 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
39 Cataloging source:  
 # = national bibliographic agency 
 c = cooperative cataloging program 
 d = other sources 
 u = unknown 
 | = no attempt to code 
 
?marcxml.apr=h marcxml.apr 
?marctxt.apr=h marctxt.apr 
?e-usmarc.apr=h e-usmarc.apr 
?ad-ansel.apt=h ad-ansel.apt 
?Leader=h =The Leader 
?Fixed fields=h =Field 008 for books 
?Vb323=h vb323